Gynecologic cancers are cancers of the female reproductive organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), cervix (neck of the womb), vagina (birth canal), and vulva ( external genitalia).

These cancers are not common, particularly in the UK. If we add all the gynecological cancers that occur each year together, they account for less than half of all breast cancer cases. However, women may be concerned about the possibility of gynecologic cancers because, unlike breast cancer, gynecologic organs are not easily visible. Therefore, it is important that women are aware of the various screening programs for gynecologic cancers that exist and that they are also aware of the symptoms so that the disease can be detected early where complete cure is often possible. Women should also understand that although gynecologic cancers are more common in older women who have generally gone through menopause, they can also occur in younger women.

What are the symptoms of gynecologic cancer?

There are four main gynecologic cancers (ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vulvar cancers) and symptoms vary by type. However, there are some common symptoms that should prompt you to see your doctor. Although it is not possible to list all the symptoms that could indicate gynecologic cancer, the list below can help you orient yourself.

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Bleeding from the vagina should always be considered abnormal if it occurs when you don’t have your period. The different types of abnormal vaginal bleeding include:

• Bleeding after menopause (postmenopausal)
• Bleeding after sex – postcoital bleeding
• Bleeding between periods (breakthrough bleeding)

2. Abnormal vaginal discharge

All women will experience vaginal discharge that varies during the menstrual cycle. This type of discharge is transparent and does not smell. It can be particularly noticeable during ovulation (when the egg is released from the ovary). Most women will be familiar with their own usual vaginal discharge and any discharge that is different from normal should be reported to their doctor.

3. Bloating

All women will experience bloating and bloating at some point in their lives. Common minor intestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, can cause this symptom. However, if you are a woman in your forties or older experiencing this symptom for the first time, it may be due to ovarian cancer.

4. Itchy Vulva

The vulva is the skin-covered area between the legs. The skin on the vulva can be quite sensitive and itching is quite common, especially in older women. Itchy skin on the vulva can be due to dryness, eczema, or psoriasis, all common skin conditions. However, it is important that you do not ignore itching, especially if it does not go away after simple remedies, as it can be a sign of vulvar cancer. Vulvar cancer usually causes a lump or ulcer, but itching can also be a symptom.